Relative clauses

A. Restrictive relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định)
Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ đứng trước, là mệnh đề quan trọng của câu. Nếu bỏ nó đi, mệnh đề chính không có ý nghĩa rõ ràng.
* Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that, whose, of which.
Ex1: The man is my uncle. He is standing near the window.
The man who/ that is standing near the window is my uncle.
Subject
Ex2: The man is my uncle. You met him yesterday.
The man whom/ that you met yesterday is my uncle.
Object
Ex3: The book is mine. It is on the table.
The book which/ that is on the table is mine.
Subject
Ex4: The book is mine. You are reading it.
The book which/ that you are reading is mine.
Object
Ex5: The woman is crying loudly. Her son was injured in the accident.
The woman whose son was injured in the accident is crying loudly.
Ex6: The house is mine. The windows of the house are broken.
The house the windows of which are broken is mine.
The house of which the windows are broken is mine.
The house whose the windows are broken is mine.

B. Non-Restrictive relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định)
Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định còn gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ giải thích, dùng để bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ đứng trước, là phần giải thích thêm. Mệnh đề này thường tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. Nếu bỏ nó đi mệnh đề chính vẫn có ý nghĩa rõ ràng. Danh từ đứng trước mệnh đề này thường đã được xác định rồi. Đại từ “that”không được dùng trong loại mệnh đề này. Không lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ “who, whom, that” trong mệnh đề này.
Ex1: Tom is a student in my class. He has just won the school scholarship.
Tom, who has just won the school scholarship, is a student in my class.
Ex2: My father is going to France next week. You met him yesterday.
My father, whom you met yesterday, is going to France next week.
Ex3: That hotel is near the beach. It’s the most expensive.
That hotel, which is the most expensive, is near the beach.
Ex4: Charlie Chaplin died in 1977. His films amused million.
Charlie Chaplin, whose films amused million, died in 1977.
Ex5: Jack has three brothers. All of them are married.
Jack has three brothers, all of whom are married.
Ex6: Ann has a lot of books. She hasn’t read most of them.
Ann has a lot of books, most of which she hasn’t read.
C. Connective relative clauses: ( Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp)
Dùng để giải thích cả câu. Chỉ đại từ “which” được dùng và có một dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở đầu câu.
Ex: a. Jane failed the exam. That made his parents disappointed.
Jane failed the exam, which made his parents disappointed.
b. It rained heavily. That prevented my going out.
It rained heavily, which prevented my going out.

* Note: Cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ với:
All, most, none, either, neither, which (cho vật)
some, (a) few, both, each, one, + of
several, many, much, half,... whom (cho người)
Ex: - I tried on several pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.
- I have two sisters, both of whom are teachers.

D. relative adverbs: where, when, why.
Ex1: I’ll never forget the day. We first met on that day.
I’ll never forget the day when we first met.
Ex2: He has just come back to the village. He was born there.
He has just come back to the village where he was born.
Ex3: She didn’t tell me the reason. She gave up her job that reason.
She didn’t